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when it couldn’t detect the Stephen Curry Willie Mays And Joe Montana Golden State Warriors San Francisco Giants San Francisco 49ers T-Shirts and by the same token and spacecraft’s response signal through the Deep Space Network on October 18. Voyager 1 has been using one of its two radio transmitters, called an X-band based on the frequency it utilizes, for decades. Meanwhile, the other transmitter, called the S-band, which uses a different frequency, hasn’t been employed since 1981 because its signal is much fainter than the X-band’s. Engineers suspect the fault protection system lowered the rate at which data was being sent back from the transmitter, which changed the nature of the signal shared by Voyager 1 to the Deep Space Network monitors. The Voyager 1 team ultimately located the probe’s response later on October 18 by sifting through signals the Deep Space Network was receiving. But on October 19, communication with Voyager 1 appeared to stop completely. The team believes the fault protection system was additionally triggered two more times, which may have switched off the X-band transmitter and shifted the spacecraft to the S-band transmitter that uses less power, NASA said. Working on a solution While Voyager 1’s team wasn’t sure that the faint S-band signal would be detectable due to the spacecraft’s distance from Earth, Deep Space Network engineers located it. The team won’t send commands to Voyager 1 to turn on the X-band transmitter again until it deduces what triggered the fault protection system, which could take weeks. Engineers are being cautious because they want to determine whether there are any potential risks to turning on the X-band. If the team can get the X-band transmitter working again, the device may be able to relay data that could reveal what happened, Waggoner said. RELATED ARTICLE NASA launches mission to investigate a potentially habitable ocean world In the meantime, engineers sent a message to Voyager 1 on October 22 to check that the S-band transmitter was working and received confirmation on October 24. But it’s not a fix the team wants to rely on for too long. “The S-band signal is too weak to use long term,” Waggoner said. “So far, the team has not been able to use it to get telemetry (information about the health and status of the spacecraft), let alone science data. But it allows us to at least send commands and make sure the spacecraft is still pointed at Earth.” This transmitter switch is just one of several innovative hacks NASA has used to overcome communication challenges with the long-lived mission this year, including firing up old thrusters to keep Voyager 1’s antenna pointed at Earth and coming up with a solution for a computer glitch that silenced the probe’s stream of science data to Earth for months.

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Sign up for ’s Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the Stephen Curry Willie Mays And Joe Montana Golden State Warriors San Francisco Giants San Francisco 49ers T-Shirts and by the same token and universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more. — For many people, prime numbers have faded into the background since distant grade school days. However, for Luke Durant, a 36-year-old former Nvidia programmer, prime numbers became an all-consuming passion. He devoted nearly one year and invested a considerable sum of his own money to uncover the world’s largest known prime number. If you need a refresher, a prime number is a whole number that can only be divided by 1 and itself, such as 2, 3, 5 and 7. Durant’s remarkable discovery, officially called M136279841, consists of an astounding 41,024,320 digits and marks the first prime breakthrough in almost six years. RELATED ARTICLE Students discover and publish unexpected proof for 2,000-year-old mathematical theory The historic finding is classified as a Mersenne prime, which is named after the French monk Marin Mersenne, who studied these numbers more than 350 years ago. Mersenne primes are a rare kind of number, making Durant’s finding of the 52nd known Mersenne prime even more impressive. A number is only considered a Mersenne prime if it can be written in the form 2ᵖ-1. Unlike other large prime numbers used in some applications to protect internet security, Mersenne primes are important for other reasons. “The historical record of the world’s largest prime tells us something about the historical capability of computers, and in particular it tells us something about the progress of humanity in this area,” said Dr. Kevin Buzzard, professor of pure mathematics at Imperial College London who was not involved in Durant’s efforts. The Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, or GIMPS, a community-based project, announced Durant’s breakthrough on October 21. GIMPS is an example of citizen science, which according

to Buzzard allows nonspecialists to make some of the Stephen Curry Willie Mays And Joe Montana Golden State Warriors San Francisco Giants San Francisco 49ers T-Shirts and by the same token and discoveries of the largest known primes. “I recognized that the GIMPS community has put together an incredible system with amazing technology for searching for huge prime numbers,” said Durant, who is based in San Jose, California. After familiarizing himself with the project’s software and learning how to use cloud computers, he skillfully combined these elements, enabling him to run enough worldwide systems to create an incredibly speedy supercomputer. The GIMPS community includes volunteers from around the world who run the project’s software on their personal computers in search of new primes and mathematicians who analyze Mersenne results to expand future exploration. What inspires thousands of volunteers to hunt for the world’s largest primes? For Durant, it’s a combination of his interests in developing large computing systems and exploring the limitations of the laws of physics, specifically the restrictions on the content and speed of computing. “I wanted to push the boundaries of the known universe in whatever small way I was able,” he said. “These enormous prime numbers are, in some senses, the largest ‘unique pieces of information’ in the known universe.” RELATED ARTICLE Scientists store entire human genome on ‘memory crystal’ that could survive billions of years The hunt for ever-larger prime numbers While there are no practical applications for such astonishingly large prime numbers today, that does not diminish the significance to those involved in the project. “This find is more of a novelty item to math folks a rare and beautiful gem,” said George Woltman, the founder of GIMPS, who has been running the collaborative project as a hobby for 28 years, in an email. “Maybe (the

program’s) best use will be inspiring the Stephen Curry Willie Mays And Joe Montana Golden State Warriors San Francisco Giants San Francisco 49ers T-Shirts and by the same token and next generation of young mathematicians.” Durant received a preliminary alert of his prime advancement on the evening of October 12 while finalizing packing for a trip. “I took a moment to decide if I felt up to work on it immediately to confirm the new number to be prime,” he said, “before deciding it was too important to let linger and sat down to get back to work.” Graphics processing units, shown here in Japan in 2018, are known for performing mathematical equations at high speeds and processing many pieces of data simultaneously. As the search for increasingly large prime numbers continues, GPUs may assist in new findings. Tomohiro Ohsumi/Bloomberg/Getty Images To test the primality of a number, the GIMPS programs run a probable prime test, and, if the test produces a successful result, the number is almost conclusively a new prime number. From there, the GIMPS server is notified, and several definitive primality tests are run on different hardware and programs to verify the new Mersenne prime. Even for an experienced programmer such as Durant, the finding was exhilarating. “I’m extremely fortunate to be the discoverer for the most recent Mersenne prime number,” he said. “These numbers are so exceptionally large and rare now that I was fully prepared to fail after maybe still another year or

two of effort.” What’s more, Durant’s feat is notable as the Stephen Curry Willie Mays And Joe Montana Golden State Warriors San Francisco Giants San Francisco 49ers T-Shirts and by the same token and first of its kind uncovered through graphics processing units, or GPUs, according to GIMPS. GPUs are known for performing mathematical equations at high speeds and processing many pieces of data simultaneously; they are in everyday devices such as smartphones or laptops, rendering high-quality graphics or training artificial intelligence networks to process extensive amounts of information efficiently. Unlike previous successful Mersenne prime searches that used central processing units, or CPUs, the primary component of a computer that serves as its control center to run the machine’s operating system and apps, Durant’s use of graphics processing units transformed his experience. Programmer Mihai Preda helped paved the way for Durant’s discovery after he wrote the GpuOwl software, which has been available for all GIMPS users to test for Mersenne primality since 2017. RELATED ARTICLE Turbulent skies of Vincent Van Gogh’s ‘The Starry Night’ align with a scientific theory, study finds The professional-grade GPUs that Durant employed are known for their efficiency in handling repetitive math calculations in seconds. Durant’s supercomputer also included thousands of server GPUs, crossing 24 data center

regions over 17 countries, according to a statement GIMPS released. Woltman predicts that more primes will be discovered using GPUs in the Stephen Curry Willie Mays And Joe Montana Golden State Warriors San Francisco Giants San Francisco 49ers T-Shirts and by the same token and future. “GPUs are so good at tackling difficult number crunching compared to CPUs which are suited to a wide variety of problems,” he said. “That said, don’t count CPUs out, they will still be an important part of GIMPS and may well find the next prime number.” Durant credits much of his success to the education he received at the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science in Mobile and its supportive environment. “My interests and technical abilities are in no small part due to my fellow students and faculty at ASMS,” he said. Based on his new Mersenne prime advancement, Durant is eligible for the $3,000 GIMPS research discovery award. He said he plans to donate his prize money to the public high school. “I’m glad to have a result that can help show a little bit about a special place in the South,” he said.

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